Phasing into PHASER
نویسنده
چکیده
The guts of this package consist of the software contained in the diskette that accompanies the text. However, the text is necessary until one becomes familiar with the operations. A subtitle expands as follows: With a Supplementary Diskette Containing PHASER: An Animator/ Simulator for Dynamical Systems for IBM Personal Computers. This tells the potential reader and user basically what to expect. Without some qualifiers, that individual may be led to expect too much, but for the price, the package delivers a lot. Deterministic-that is, nonstochastic-dynamics are based on differential equations for modeling continuous time phenomena, whereas difference equations are employed to model discrete time data. PHASER was developed by Hiiseyin K~ak at Brown University to: (1) illustrate some of the most famous continuous and discrete dynamic systems through their difference or differential equations and (2) permit users to explore their own dynamic systems. An important aspect of (1) is that PHASER is designed to handle nonlinear dynamics. Linear dynamics admit well-known solutions, and in the event of time-invariant, linear systems, the solutions can usually be expressed in closed form. In any event, the theory is almost completely worked out and there are no real surprises. With nonlinear dynamics, the situation is quite the opposite: Very little of a general nature can be said about arbitrary classes of nonlinear differential equations and their systemic behavior. Indeed, in many such systems, chaotic behavior can occur (see, e.g., Devaney, 1986; Townsend, in press). Although mathematicians and other scientists have begun to learn much about the nature of nonlinear systems and such phenomena as chaos over the past few decades,
منابع مشابه
Rare variant phasing and haplotypic expression from RNA sequencing with phASER
Haplotype phasing of genetic variants is important for clinical interpretation of the genome, population genetic analysis and functional genomic analysis of allelic activity. Here we present phASER, an accurate approach for phasing variants that are overlapped by sequencing reads, including those from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), which often span multiple exons due to splicing. Using diverse RNA-s...
متن کاملPhaser crystallographic software
Phaser is a program for phasing macromolecular crystal structures by both molecular replacement and experimental phasing methods. The novel phasing algorithms implemented in Phaser have been developed using maximum likelihood and multivariate statistics. For molecular replacement, the new algorithms have proved to be significantly better than traditional methods in discriminating correct soluti...
متن کاملRobust Design of a Valve Train Cam Phasing Controller using Virtual Prototyping Techniques
Cam phasing, or Variable Valve Timing (VVT), is an electro hydraulic and mechanical camshaft control concept managed by the vehicle's microcontroller engine management system. Development and implementation of cam phasing mechanisms is pursued by the automotive industry today because it gives measurable increase in performance, and reduction in undesired engine emissions. This paper illustrates...
متن کاملExperimental phasing: best practice and pitfalls
Developments in protein crystal structure determination by experimental phasing are reviewed, emphasizing the theoretical continuum between experimental phasing, density modification, model building and refinement. Traditional notions of the composition of the substructure and the best coefficients for map generation are discussed. Pitfalls such as determining the enantiomorph, identifying cent...
متن کاملImproving the efficiency of molecular replacement by utilizing a new iterative transform phasing algorithm
An iterative transform method proposed previously for direct phasing of high-solvent-content protein crystals is employed for enhancing the molecular-replacement (MR) algorithm in protein crystallography. Target structures that are resistant to conventional MR due to insufficient similarity between the template and target structures might be tractable with this modified phasing method. Trial ca...
متن کامل